Davies & Harre (1990) Positioning에 대한 개념 정의와 그 적용 가능성에 대해 언급한 논문. highly recommendable
- (p. 43) Positioning vs. role
We explore the idea that the concept of 'positioning' can be used to facilitate the thinking of linguistically oriented social analysts in ways that the use of the concept of 'role' prevented. In particular the new concept helps focus attention on dynamic aspects of encounters in contrast to the way in which the use of 'role' serves to highlight static, formal and ritualistic aspects.
- (p. 48) Smith's notion of positioning
Smith (1988: xxxv) introduces the concept of positioning by distinguishing between 'a person' as an individual agent and 'the subject'. By the latter he means 'the series of conglomerate of positions, subject-positions, provisional and not necessarily indefeasible, in which a person is momentarily called by the discourses and the world he/she inhabits'. In speaking and acting from a position people are bringing to the particular situation their history as a subjective being, that is the history of one who has been in multiple positions and engaged in different forms of discourse.
- (p. 48) Authors' succinct definition of positioning
Positioning, as we will use it is the discursive process whereby selves are located in conversations as observably and subjectively coherent participants in jointly produced story lines. There can be interactive positioning in which what one person says positions another. And there can be reflexive positioning in which one positions oneself. However it would be a mistake to assume that, in either case, positioning is necessarily intentional.
- (pp. 54-55) Critique of Goffman
So let us return to 'footing'. Goffman's analysis includes a conception of the speaker as fulfilling three speaking roles, that of 'animator', he or she who speaks; that of 'author', he or she who is responsible for the text; and that of 'principal', he or she 'whose position [i.e. where the speaker stands] is established by the words that are spoken, someone whose beliefs have been told, someone who is committed to what the words say' (Goffman, 1981: 144). This is the basis of the production format of the utterance. On may occasions, animator, author and principal are one and the same person. ........This could not be in sharper contrast to our conception of positioning, since it takes for granted that alignments are actual relations jointly produced in the very act of conversing. It should be clear that Goffman, even hi his later work, did not escape the constraints of role theory.
- (p. 43) Positioning vs. role
We explore the idea that the concept of 'positioning' can be used to facilitate the thinking of linguistically oriented social analysts in ways that the use of the concept of 'role' prevented. In particular the new concept helps focus attention on dynamic aspects of encounters in contrast to the way in which the use of 'role' serves to highlight static, formal and ritualistic aspects.
- (p. 48) Smith's notion of positioning
Smith (1988: xxxv) introduces the concept of positioning by distinguishing between 'a person' as an individual agent and 'the subject'. By the latter he means 'the series of conglomerate of positions, subject-positions, provisional and not necessarily indefeasible, in which a person is momentarily called by the discourses and the world he/she inhabits'. In speaking and acting from a position people are bringing to the particular situation their history as a subjective being, that is the history of one who has been in multiple positions and engaged in different forms of discourse.
- (p. 48) Authors' succinct definition of positioning
Positioning, as we will use it is the discursive process whereby selves are located in conversations as observably and subjectively coherent participants in jointly produced story lines. There can be interactive positioning in which what one person says positions another. And there can be reflexive positioning in which one positions oneself. However it would be a mistake to assume that, in either case, positioning is necessarily intentional.
- (pp. 54-55) Critique of Goffman
So let us return to 'footing'. Goffman's analysis includes a conception of the speaker as fulfilling three speaking roles, that of 'animator', he or she who speaks; that of 'author', he or she who is responsible for the text; and that of 'principal', he or she 'whose position [i.e. where the speaker stands] is established by the words that are spoken, someone whose beliefs have been told, someone who is committed to what the words say' (Goffman, 1981: 144). This is the basis of the production format of the utterance. On may occasions, animator, author and principal are one and the same person. ........This could not be in sharper contrast to our conception of positioning, since it takes for granted that alignments are actual relations jointly produced in the very act of conversing. It should be clear that Goffman, even hi his later work, did not escape the constraints of role theory.
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